There is currently no wireless technology that can meet all the needs of the IoT in terms of effective range, cost, bandwidth and power consumption. Therefore, most enterprises and institutions must plan to use multiple technologies at the same time.
From an innovative point of view, objects fall into many categories. However, some of them do not conform to the traditional definition of Internet of Things because they can not link to the Internet or do not have the ability to sense and interact with each other. For this study, we will expand the scope of the object to the following four categories:
1. Identifiable objects: Identifiable but not intelligent passive objects, such as "RFID systems." Such objects can not be networked for the more primitive applications but still have interactive features.
2. Communication / Sensing Objects: These objects contain sensors that convey information about themselves or their surroundings (eg, wireless pressure sensors in car tires).
3. Controlling Sensing Objects: In addition to sensing and transmitting, such objects can receive messages and be manipulated. An example of a heating system boiler that can be remotely switched and monitored.
4. Intelligent autonomous objects: To be able to send messages to complex objects, can be incorporated into a variety of sensors and sophisticated features for high-autonomy, the car is an example. Autonomous objects are generally more complicated and may contain a variety of simple objects.
The above various objects will be applied to different fields of technology. In general, simpler objects, such as communication / sensing objects and controllable sensing objects, are more likely to take advantage of expertise, limited by size, power consumption and cost. Smarter objects, such as smart, autonomous objects, are more likely to leverage traditional IT technologies, so class objects are typically larger and less resource constrained. Those emerging trend groups that intend to cross the IoT area should pay attention to the following five technologies:
First, low-power wireless networking technology
There are many wireless networking technologies developed or developed for the Internet of Things. The following three categories are the most crucial:
1. Personal Area Networks: These low-power networks link to sensors and body-surrounding instruments only to the extent of a few meters and can be used for other purposes such as medical care or personal electronics. Examples include Bluetooth LE, as well as the latest 802.15.6 local area network standard that supports three physical network delivery technologies. There are other specialized terms used to express this concept.
2. Long Range Sensors and Mesh Networks: These technologies are designed for long range applications, from tens of meters to kilometers and still retain low power consumption. Some may also support multiple network topologies, such as star, mesh, and point-to-point. Currently the most familiar technology in the field is ZigBee, and Dash-7 is also maturing with the potential to become a low-power application in kilometers of effective range. The market needs both beehive-type coverage and low-power technologies, yet there is no global standard in this area. Two R & D technologies are favored, including Japan's Wide Area Universal Network (WAUN) and Neul's wireless network. The industry is also introducing 802.11h, a technology called Wi-Fi variants with bandwidth below 1GHz, offering low-power, long-range and low data rate capabilities, yet it is difficult to standardize by 2015.
3. Special Application Network: Several wireless technologies have emerged in the special applications today. Some of these are proprietary and therefore less attractive than other standards that are already widely accepted in the market. One example is ANT + for medical care and motion sensing, as well as wireless HART (for industrial automation) Highway Addressable Remote Transducer Protocol) protocol, and home automation ZWave.
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