Abstract: This report presents several new ideas on carbon emissions and draws new ideas for solving the problem of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the environment. At the same time, it is suggested to change the traditional concepts from the sources of carbon emissions, to reduce direct carbon emissions drastically and to achieve systematic and efficient utilization of resources so as to make carbon emission reductions come from the market. Several concrete innovations have also been put forward in the resource utilization of carbon emissions.
Key words: Carbon emissions, Carbon capture, Carbon recovery, Greenhouse effect, Greenhouse gases
Human carbon emissions mainly come from the use of fossil fuels and other industrial production. The cumulative emissions of carbon emissions from coal, natural gas, petroleum and cement from 1960 to 2012 accounted for 39.2%, 17.2%, 40.5% and 3.1% of the total respectively. The proportions in 2012 were 42.8%, 19.0%, 33.0% and 5.2% respectively. From the above data we can see that carbon emissions from fossil fuel energy production and utilization accounts for two-thirds of the total emissions, so it is generally believed that the way to reduce carbon emissions is to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels!
Energy is the basis for economic growth. All developing countries are facing a dilemma. They must not only develop their economy but also cope with and mitigate climate change. Under the current concepts and technical conditions, reducing carbon emissions means that they have to bear the huge cost of economic slowdown or even stagnation. This can not be realized in both reality and morality. Not particularly easy for China. Even taking more active energy policies, including increasing the proportion of clean energy such as renewable energy and oil and gas, China's coal consumption still accounts for about 60% by 2020.
This report will reanalyze the status quo of carbon emissions by using a new perspective and put forward a series of innovative theories to reduce carbon emissions, increase carbon sequestration, and make full use of resources to ensure market-driven driving force for the entire process of emission reduction. Sustainable carbon resource recycling and low-carbon economic development.
First, the analysis of the causes of carbon emissions innovation
Nowadays, academia believes that the capacity of forests and oceans to absorb carbon dioxide is limited, and only absorbs a small part of newly increased emissions from human activities. In fact, however, carbon emissions from human activities account for only a tiny fraction of the total carbon cycle already in existence in nature [2]. Carbon emissions to the environment from soil carbon respiration alone have reached 3,000-500 billion tons, about 8-10 times the annual carbon emission of about 50 billion tons [3]. In 2010, this ratio used to be 12 to 16 times. Each year, the global carbon dioxide emissions from deforestation caused by deforestation are equivalent to those released by the same period of fossil fuel combustion [1], and this can also be proved
We also know that both terrestrial plants and aquatic plants or algae are carbohydrates. The only source of carbon in most plants is carbon dioxide. Plants produce about 1.6 kg of carbon dioxide per kilogram of dry matter. Soilless cultivation of plants in the process, as long as there is a small amount of nutrient solution necessary inorganic salts, does not require any organic matter, that does not require carbon elements, we can fully guarantee the normal growth and development of plants. So why are the organic fertilizers applied in the process of growing food crops to promote the growth and development of crops? The main function of organic matter is to decompose and produce carbon dioxide and calories by microorganisms. Without organic fertilizers, crops can not grow but grow poorly. The reason is that there is not enough carbon dioxide for efficient photosynthesis. Experimental studies have shown that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the environment of human production and living environment is about 100-2000ppm (0.01% ~ 0.2%), and the crop yield increases with the increase of carbon dioxide concentration. If the carbon dioxide concentration dropped to 50ppm, photosynthesis will stop. Production practice found that agricultural greenhouse carbon dioxide at night due to plant respiration and the accumulation of soil organic matter decomposition and release reached a high level, generally before sunrise in the 600ppm ~ 1500ppm between the crops after sunrise photosynthesis, The concentration of carbon dioxide in the greenhouse drops rapidly, and if not adequately replenished, the concentration of carbon dioxide will drop below 100 ppm in about 2 hours and the crop will be starved of carbon dioxide!
It is generally believed that the optimum concentration of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis of plants is 800ppm ~ 1500ppm. Carbon dioxide is sprayed into the greenhouse to increase the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air from the average field concentration of 200ppm to 1200ppm, which reaches or approaches the concentration of carbon dioxide in our office. Crop growth rate and yield increased by 60% to 200%. In other words, increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide can greatly improve the photosynthetic conditions of plants, promote photosynthesis and improve plant nutrient synthesis and processing. Of course, it also means that the ability of plants to fix carbon dioxide is multiplied.
Obviously, the main source of carbon of natural plants is not provided by human activities. The carbon that plants absorb and recycle mainly comes from the carbon dioxide released by the dissolved and dissolved organic matter in nearby soil. By air convection, the diffusion of carbon dioxide only accounts for a small proportion. Even with a 50% increase in the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration in the Earth's atmosphere from about 280 ppm to about 380 ppm now, it is difficult to make a large difference in plant photosynthesis at this concentration. Therefore, by increasing aquatic, terrestrial plant area to significantly increase the ability of carbon sequestration in the environment ideas will not work.
We have been to several chemical plant research, the factory usually have a lot of carbon dioxide emissions, scale up to tens of hours per hour, hundreds of tons of carbon emissions. Exchange, the factory friends are invariably referred to a phenomenon, the factory built and started within a few short years, the surrounding small environment, a significant change in the microclimate, no special artificial intervention, the barren land quickly become lush, good weather. Plants feel very easy to grow and develop. We analyze that this should be the "accidental" role played by the carbon dioxide "gas fertilizer."
Therefore, we boldly come to the conclusion that the potential of plant carbon sinks in nature is huge, much larger than the emissions generated by human activities. The destruction of forest vegetation can lead to rapid increases in carbon emissions, while carbon fixation by planting trees and grass is slow and long-term. To use, influence and restore the carbon cycle to solve the carbon emission problem is much faster and more effective than reducing the consumption of fossil fuels, using carbon dioxide chemically, storing and sequestering materials directly, and increasing the absorption of forest vegetation.
Let us capture the newly generated carbon emissions as much as possible and transport them to the oceans, forests, grasslands, farmlands and greenhouses, resulting in a substantial increase in the concentration of local carbon dioxide, affecting carbon respiration and carbon cycling, The role of carbon doubled, but also to promote the rapid growth of plants, crop yield also increased significantly. Achieve low-carbon, emission reduction, efficiency and win-win situation.
Second, the innovative control of sources of carbon emissions
We now need to analyze the historical causes of the massive carbon emissions generated by the industrialization of mankind. Even today, emissions of carbon dioxide are taken for granted in industrial fields and people's daily lives. In the process of environmental assessment, if there are no special compounds in the effluent, such as sulfide, nitrogen oxides and dust, that is, the standard of clean emission, the emissions contain carbon dioxide, water vapor and heat which are actually the increment and disturbance of local ambient air This will also affect local environmental indicators and should have been dealt with in the same way.
Every boiler has a chimney, and it is customary for the carbon to burn after it is burned, but a careful analysis shows that the combustion of coal is a chemical reaction that releases heat of combustion while generating nearly four times the weight of carbon dioxide. Emissions of carbon dioxide is actually more valuable than the heat released during the combustion of resources, the current wholesale market price of up to 500 to 800 yuan per ton, Taobao retail price even reached 10,000 yuan per ton. The value of chemical products is 2 to 3 times higher than the value of released heat. People have long caught the "sesame" burning heat and threw out the "watermelon" that burns chemical products.
This result also has its historical reasons. For decades, there was almost no recycling of carbon dioxide in flue gas, and there was not much use for recovery. At the time, mankind did not have any pressure on environmental protection to reduce carbon emissions. But today is completely different, the technology of recovering flue gas carbon dioxide has matured, the recovery cost is low, and the carbon dioxide recovered has a wide range of uses. People have also realized that carbon emissions are harmful to the environment. When it is time to handle carbon emissions thoroughly, it is time to tackle the issue of carbon emissions and solve the carbon emissions problem fundamentally.
We then make a proposal to reform our coal, fuel, and gas processes, which are common to mankind, so that each boiler, each combustion unit, works as a reaction facility in a chemical plant, utilizing both the heat released by the combustion reaction and It is necessary to make use of the chemical products produced by chemical reactions to "squeeze the net" in the value of fossil resources, achieve substantial increases in benefits while reducing emissions of environmental pollutants, and realize the organic unification of low-carbon, emission reduction and efficiency enhancement.
We also caution that for those chemical companies that are located far away from the cities, a large number of carbon emitters may not have the need for carbon capture as long as they are required to strengthen the plant environment in their small environment and believe that they will soon be able to get the same benefits as the aforementioned chemical companies , Through the "self-production and marketing" of carbon emissions, in place to achieve low-cost, high efficiency and environmentally friendly carbon fixation. For those carbon emission enterprises that do not have a large amount of vegetation around to achieve carbon fixation, carbon emission equipment should enhance carbon capture, carbon recovery, urban capture, spatial transfer of field emission, winter capture, summer emission transfer, Plant photosynthesis, high efficiency carbon fixation, while achieving direct and indirect new economic benefits.
Third, carbon emissions and utilization of innovation
At present, the carbon emissions from industries are relatively easy to concentrate and capture. There are many ways to capture carbon dioxide, and the cost of capturing one tonne of carbon dioxide is about 100 yuan or less. However, there are few major breakthroughs in the resource utilization of carbon emissions in recent years. The reason is that the ideological concepts in the theoretical circles are obsolete, and the concept innovation and theoretical innovation are needed to completely change the status quo of the carbon-source utilization. This report will start with dry ice as a power conversion medium to explore the innovative use of carbon emissions.
For years, countless scientists have tried to turn carbon dioxide back into something "fuel." Almost all of these people make a fuss about chemical reactions. However, this process requires energy and it is also very difficult to realize reverse combustion reaction. In addition to considering the use of solar energy to simulate the photosynthesis of plants, even the reverse reaction can only be regarded as energy storage and re-release of high-grade energy , Worth the candle
In recent years, we re-understand the working principle of the heat engine and put forward the idea of ​​letting the heat engine cool down. Heat engine is the essence of the heat caused by medium temperature expansion, doing work, heating is a means of heating, inflation is the purpose of expansion. People should not heat the working temperature of rigid, fixed at room temperature to high temperature, and from low temperature to room temperature can also cause a medium temperature, expansion, promote the piston, turbine blades do work, the same temperature and low temperature heat the same conversion For mechanical energy.
Carbon dioxide is a magical substance that can be "dry-ice" in the form of a cryogenic, solid-state at -78.5 ° C at atmospheric pressure; and at around 10 atmospheres, carbon dioxide turns into a liquid that is easy to transport. With dry ice as a working fluid, it can absorb and utilize the ambient medium air. The heat of water is heated and vaporized. If it is confined in a closed container, it can get several tens of atmospheric carbon dioxide gases at atmospheric pressure. This high pressure, room temperature carbon dioxide gas can completely promote the power output of pneumatic machinery work. As the principle of the heat engine has not changed, the heat engine does not need to be greatly changed. Only a slight improvement on the existing vehicle can be used to replace the original engine that consumes fuel and operates at a high temperature to replace the engine with ultra-low temperature refrigerant Heat involved, so that the same size cylinder pressure to promote expansion of the piston, so that the engine work at room temperature to continue to work.
Before retrofitting, the car takes energy material and inhales the ambient air without paying. After the combustion, the heat released by the combustion heats up and expands the mixed gas after the reaction, and the expansion potential of the high-pressure and high-temperature gas is converted into kinetic energy in the engine to drive the vehicle to move. After reforming, the car is carrying a working medium of ultra-low temperature dry ice, through the heat exchanger, absorbing the heat of the room temperature air without paying, vaporizing, gasifying, increasing the temperature and expanding the air, Finally, high-pressure normal temperature carbon dioxide gas to promote engine operation, driving the vehicle movement, expansion and release of internal energy after a substantial cooling of low-temperature carbon dioxide gas is discharged into the air. This process has been verified experimentally. Preliminary estimates, so that the engine output of the same power consumption of the "working medium" volume is 5 to 8 times the original fuel consumption, and the overall cost is nearly one-third of the use of fuel! Equivalent to the steam engine era, different Only the working fluid has changed from water to dry ice. The source of heat does not depend on coal, but from room temperature substances such as ambient air or water.
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