The X-ray source used in the X-ray fluorescence method and the X-absorption method is an X-ray tube, and an X-ray tube having an anode such as tungsten, copper , silver , aluminum or ruthenium is available. The voltage used is 10~70 kV, the current is 5~80 mA, and the power is 0.3~5.0 kW.
UV - conventional fluorescence illumination source is a mercury quartz lamp, 220 volts, a current of 1 to 10 A, 100 to 1000 watts of power.
The hand selection method is very simple for the illumination source. As long as there is uniform illumination, incandescent lamps are commonly used.
Optical sorting can be incandescent, fluorescent, and quartz iodine tungsten lamp tube as the HeNe laser illumination source. Different light sources have different spectral characteristics, and the light source and filter should be selected according to the optical properties of the ore surface.
Infrared sorting generally does not require a special source of illumination, and the infrared light emitted by the nugget itself can be used for detection. Some of the visible light spectrum is wide, including the infrared portion, this portion may also be used to divide the infrared dressing stone.
In the radio resonance method, the alternating electromagnetic field generated by the oscillating circuit is an irradiation source acting on the ore. The oscillating circuit can also be a detector at the same time, detecting the amount of change in the parameters of the oscillating circuit due to the action of the ore.
B Detection System The detection system consists of two parts, one is the ray activity detector and the other is the nugget weight detector. They separately detect the ray (electromagnetic wave) activity emitted by the nugget, reflected or absorbed, and the weight of the nugget.
A scintillation counter is currently commonly used to measure the activity of gamma-rays and X-rays, which consists of sodium iodide crystals and photomultiplier tubes.
The activity of the neutron is detected by an inflated counter or a scintillation counter.
Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light are detected by photosensitive elements. The photosensitive member has a light pipe, a phototube (silicon photo cell), a photomultiplier tube, a solid-state camera, and the like. The detectors that are widely used in production abroad are photomultiplier tubes. In recent years, solid-state cameras have been applied to newly developed sorting machines. The photosensor element of a solid-state camera is a photodiode with 1024 photodiodes over a length of 25 mm. The solid-state camera is especially suitable for detecting optical data of moving objects. The scanning speed can reach up to 10,000 to 40,000 lines per second, the spectral sensitive area is 400-800 nm, and the image output rate can reach 20 MHz per second. The solid-state camera is small in size, low in power consumption, long in service life, and high in sensitivity. When used in conjunction with a microcomputer, the quality of the picking can be greatly improved.
The signal measured by the ray activity detector is directly proportional to the content of useful elements in the nugget, but due to the fluctuation of the weight of the selected nuggets, good picking results are often not obtained according to the ray activity. Large blocks of poor ore have low ray activity per unit weight, but the total ray activity is higher, which may be selected into the concentrate, while the small bonanza may be selected into the tailings for sorting. decline in quality. In order to improve this situation, the successful sorting machines in recent years generally have means for measuring the weight of the nuggets. [next]
It is difficult to directly measure the weight of a nugget in rapid motion. Generally, a method for measuring a parameter related to the weight of a nugget is used, and the approximate weight of the nugget is converted according to the value of the parameter. The length and cross-sectional area of ​​the nugget, the amount of change in the voltage caused by the nugget through the plate capacitor, and the gamma ray activity scattered by the gamma source of the nugget after a certain energy are all parameters related to the weight of the nugget.
Take a certain number of representative nuggets, measure the relationship between a certain parameter (such as cross-sectional area) and weight of each nugget, and draw a relationship curve. Figure 4 determines the correction coefficient value according to the average slope of the curve. In the picking practice, the weight of each ore can be determined by multiplying the measured nugget parameters by the correction factor. This correction factor method is relatively simple, but the error is slightly larger.

For a sorting machine using a micro-computer, the regression equation can be mathematically determined according to the above relationship curve, and the equation is stored in the computer. In the sorting practice, according to the measured parameters, the weight of each nugget can be obtained more accurately according to the regression equation.
Among various methods for indirectly measuring the weight of a nugget, the method of measuring the projected area of ​​the nugget running on the belt, or measuring the projected area of ​​the nugget during free fall, is the most widely used method for determining the weight of the nugget. [next]
(III) Information Processing System The main task of the information processing system is to process the two signals of the ray activity and the weight of the nugget. The detected ray activity signal and the weight of the nugget enter the respective magnification table units. After being amplified and shaped, they enter the main control unit at the same time. After the two signals are compared (calculated), they can be obtained. The grade of the mined block. This grade is compared to a predetermined grade of predetermined grade, and if it is above a predetermined value, it is determined to be a concentrate, otherwise it is a tailings. The main control unit issues instructions, after delay and power amplification, to the execution system of the sorting machine, so that the actuator (such as the electromagnetic valve) is opened or continues to be closed, thereby dividing the ore into concentrate and tailings. A block diagram of the information processing system is shown in Figure 5.

The information processing system can also have other functions, such as controlling the processing capacity of the sorting machine according to the feeding speed signal to ensure uniform feeding; determining the duration of the actuator action according to the size of the nugget, so that the time of separating the large and small nuggets can be Just right; according to the position signal of the nugget, determine which ones should be opened in a row of actuators (such as jet valves); determine the actual processing capacity of the sorting machine according to the total weight of the nuggets; according to the weight of each nugget and After the grade signals are accumulated, the yield and grade of the concentrate and tailings can be obtained. The information processing system can also have various alarm functions, such as light source pollution, excessive nugget, and low valve pressure.
If the information processing system only needs to complete the task of dividing the ore into two products of fine and tailings, the general electronic components can be used, but to complete the above various functions, the use of general electronic components makes the electronic circuit very complicated. In recent years, large-scale integrated circuits, information processing machines, and micro-computers have been applied to sorting machines, making the functions of information processing systems more and more perfect. The sensitivity and reliability of sorting machines are increasing. It is also compact in size and easy to use and maintain. [next]
(4) Sorting execution system The sorting execution system consists of sorting execution devices and auxiliary components. The early actuators were in the form of push rods, movable bottoms, baffles, etc., where the baffles were used more. According to the instructions of the information processing unit, the baffles are placed in different positions to separate the concentrate from the tailings. Due to structural constraints, mechanical baffles generally do not exceed five times per second. With the development of sorting technology, the number of times the device is required to be actuated is increased to meet the throughput requirements. Therefore, in the current sorting machine, the baffle type actuator has practical significance only for large-grain grade ore. Sorting actuators currently widely used in the industry are electromagnetic jet valves. After the valve is started, the ore is blown at a pressure of (4.5~7×10 5 ) Pascal to deviate from the normal movement trajectory to separate the ore from the waste rock. The number of such valves per second can be from tens to hundreds of times. In order to make the valve sensitive, the air used should be clean. To this end, not only must we choose a good quality air compressor, but also an air purification device to remove water, oil and dust from the air.
Second, the processing capacity of the picking machine is an important parameter of the picking machine. The economic benefits of picking operations are closely related to the amount of processing required. In recent years, the rapid development of picking has a direct relationship with the emergence of multi-channel and single-layer, high-speed picking machines, which has increased the processing volume by several times and several times.
The calculation formula of the picking machine processing amount Q is:

Where n—the number of picking machine slots;
υ———Transport speed, m/s;
k———loading factor;
w———the average weight of the nuggets, kg;
l———The average distance between the nuggets, m. [next]
The speed of the conveyor belt of the picker can be as high as 5 m / s and the loading factor is about 0.6. Different ore sizes for different sizes of ore are used. When the same machine is used to process ore of different particle sizes, the processing volume is also very different, see Figure 6.

    Third, hand selection equipment
Hand selection is the easiest way to pick. The hand selection is based on the characteristics of the color, gloss and other characteristics of the mineral.
Hand selection is divided into two types: forehand selection and backhand selection.
Forehand selection is the selection of useful minerals from the material. The backhand selection is to pick up the waste rock from the material.
Before the hand selection, it is generally necessary to wash the ore to make the surface of the ore block exposed more clearly, so as to improve the efficiency of sorting.
The efficiency of hand selection varies with the size of the nugget. The smaller the nugget, the lower the efficiency of hand selection. Generally, the nuggets are sieved into several fractions and then hand-selected. [next]
Hand selection is generally carried out on the hand selection field, the fixed grid screen, the hand selection belt conveyor and the hand selection station. Commonly used hand-selecting equipments are hand-selected belts and hand-selected platforms.
The hand-selected belt must be a flat belt. The technical requirements for the opponent's belt selection are as follows:
Belt width is not more than 1.2 meters Belt speed 0.2~0.4 m / sec Belt inclination angle is not more than 15 degrees Belt height from the ground 0.7~0.8 meters Lighting height from the ground 2 meters per person Control belt length 1~2 meters per shift per hand - 50+30mm 0.75~1.0t-30+16mm0.3~0.4
The size of the hand selection station is determined by the number of people who participate in the selection. Generally, the size of the hand selection table for four people is about 3.2.
Fourth, photoelectric sorting machine
(1) 1011M photoelectric sorting machine The 1011M photoelectric sorting machine is sorted by the difference of diffuse reflection of minerals. Since the ore of different color and its depth is different in light reflection (reflectance), when the equalized incident illumination is on the surface of the mineral, the intensity of the diffuse reflection light is different, and the photocell and the corresponding electronic circuit can be used. This diffuse reflection change is converted into a change in voltage. This voltage is called the reflected voltage, which is proportional to the degree of light and darkness of the light reflected by the ore. In this way, the ore of different colors can be separated according to the magnitude of the reflected voltage.
The sorting process is shown in Fig. 7. The ore is fed into the electromagnetic vibrating feeder 2 by the mining bucket 1, and then the ore is slid down the curved guide groove 3 onto the V-shaped fast (2.5 m/sec) belt 4 and thrown into it. In the light box 7 with the photocell 5 and the background 6 and the light source, when the nugget passes the light detecting zone along the parabolic trajectory, if the reflectivity is different from the background reflectivity, the light detecting system emits an amplitude and a reflectance. The electrical signal related to the magnitude of the difference, when the signal exceeds the screening level of the pre-set electronic instrument 8, the electromagnetic valve is turned on, and the air valve 9 is activated to discharge the compressed air, so that the ore that meets the requirements deviates from the natural running track. Into the concentrate funnel 10, the unqualified ore falls into the tailing funnel 11, thereby separating the two ores. [next]

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